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"extract": "The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century\u00a0AD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. The term \u0027Byzantine Empire\u0027 was coined only after its demise; its citizens used the term \u0027Roman Empire\u0027 and called themselves \u0027Romans\u0027.",
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"extract": "The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century\u00a0AD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. The term \u0027Byzantine Empire\u0027 was coined only after its demise; its citizens used the term \u0027Roman Empire\u0027 and called themselves \u0027Romans\u0027.",
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"extract": "The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice, on the northeastern coast of Italy. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 by Paolo Lucio Anafesto, over the course of its 1,100 years of history it established itself as one of the major European commercial and naval powers. Initially extended in the Dogado area, during its history it annexed a large part of Northeast Italy, Istria, Dalmatia, the coasts of present-day Montenegro and Albania as well as numerous islands in the Adriatic and eastern Ionian seas. At the height of its expansion, between the 13th and 16th centuries, it also governed Crete, Cyprus, the Peloponnese, a number of Greek islands, as well as several cities and ports in the eastern Mediterranean.",
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"description": "Treaty between the Byzantine Empire and Venice",
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"extract": "The Byzantine\u2013Venetian treaty of 1285 was an agreement between the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice that restored peaceful relations between the two powers. Venice had had troubled relations with the Byzantines after their reconquest of Constantinople in 1261, but treaties in 1268 and 1277 had allowed Venetians to conduct profitable commerce in the Empire, while safeguarding the Byzantines from attacks by the powerful Venetian navy. This had changed in 1281, when Venice sided with Charles I of Anjou in his designs against the Byzantines. After the outbreak of the War of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, Charles\u0027 ambitions to capture Constantinople were dealt a fatal blow; with economic troubles arising from her exclusion from the commerce and grain shipping from the Black Sea, in 1283 Venice began negotiations for a treaty with the new Byzantine emperor, Andronikos II Palaiologos. After much back-and-forth, the treaty was concluded in June 1285 in Constantinople, and ratified at Venice shortly after. It repeated the terms of the two previous treaties, often verbatim, but had a much longer duration of ten years. It restored the right of Venetians to trade in the Empire, with direct access to the Black Sea and the right to their own quarters in Constantinople and Thessalonica, recognized the position of Venice\u0027s rivals, the Republic of Genoa, in the Empire, and bound both sides to not enter into alliances with powers hostile to the other. As part of the deal, Andronikos paid over a lump sum to satisfy Venetian claims for compensation for breaches of the previous treaties. Following the treaty, Andronikos II disbanded the Byzantine navy, with disastrous long-term consequences. The peace between Venice and the Byzantines lasted until the outbreak of the War of Curzola against Genoa, when Venetians attacked Genoese in Byzantine waters, bringing Byzantium into the war. It was not until 1302 that another Byzantine\u2013Venetian treaty was concluded, ending the conflict.",
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"extract": "Constantinople was the historical name for the city of Istanbul up until 1930, located on a peninsula at the southeastern tip of Thrace in Europe; with the Bosporus strait and the ancient cities of Chalcedon and Chrysopolis in Bithynia, Anatolia to the east; the Golden Horn and the citadel of Galata (Pera) to the north; the Sea of Marmara to the south; and the Princes\u0027 Islands to the southeast. Constantinople served as the capital of the Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires between its consecration in 330 and the formal abolition of the Ottoman sultanate in 1922.",
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"text": "The Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice conclude a treaty. Apart from agreeng on a ten year truce, the Venetians are alloted a commercial quarter in Constantinople and are restored to earlier privileges.",
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"text": "The Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice conclude a treaty. Apart from agreeng on a ten year truce, the Venetians are alloted a commercial quarter in Constantinople and are restored to earlier privileges.",
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